The Theatrical Elements
in the Story of David and Goliath in the Old Testament
Father Fady Tabet
The Story of the Prophet David and Goliath
The story of David and Goliath in First Book of Samuel, chapter seventeen, is considered one of the most important and famous dramatic stories in the Holy Bible. Like similar narratives, this story contains many theatrical and dramatic elements.
The Theatrical Elements in the Story[1]
• Setting: The Battlefield
The events take place in a valley between the army of the Israelites, led by King Saul, and the army of the Philistines, led by the giant Goliath. The setting in the story is not merely a background for the events; rather, it is a vital element that contributes to building dramatic tension through a precise theatrical design that reflects the details of the valley and the camps of the two armies. The setting helps the audience immerse themselves in the heroic story.
• Time
During the reign of King Saul, specifically in the period of his war with the Philistines.
• Description
The scene of confrontation lies in the middle of the valley where the two main characters (David and Goliath) meet. It is an open area, free of obstacles, allowing for a direct and clear confrontation between the two heroes — a setting that can be realized on the stage.
• Symbolism
The valley may symbolize the arena of life and death, where faith and courage are tested in our struggle with life. The hills on which the two armies encamp may symbolize the challenges they face and the gap between the hesitant Saul and the courageous David.
Main Characters in the Text
- David: A shepherd, a handsome young man who later becomes king of Israel.
- Goliath: The giant Philistine soldier.
- King Saul: The king of Israel, who fears confronting Goliath.
- David’s brothers: Young men enlisted in the Israeli army.
- The army of the Israelites and the army of the Philistines: The extras who form the background of the events and the secondary characters.
The Geographical Stage
The story begins with a description of the geographical situation in the Valley of Elah, where the army of the Israelites and the army of the Philistines stand facing one another. The tension between the two armies is evident, and everyone is preparing for battle.
Introduction of the Characters
Goliath, the giant soldier from the Philistine army, is introduced. His height is about “six cubits and a span,” and he wears heavy armor and carries large weapons, making him psychologically appear as an invincible character.
The Plot[2]
• The Main Conflict
Goliath challenges the Israelites, calling for a single combat to determine the outcome of the battle:
“He stood and shouted to the ranks of Israel, saying to them, ‘Why do you come out to line up for battle? Am I not a Philistine, and are you not servants of Saul? Choose a man for yourselves, and let him come down to me. If he is able to fight with me and kill me, then we will be your servants; but if I prevail against him and kill him, then you shall be our servants and serve us.’ Then the Philistine said, ‘I defy the ranks of Israel this day; give me a man, that we may fight together.’” (1 Sam. 17:8–10)[3].
Rising Action
• Goliath’s Repeated Challenge
For forty days he came out every day, challenging the Israelites and demanding a single combat to decide the battle. He mocked them and ridiculed their ability to confront him.
• The Israelites’ Hesitation
The fear of the Israelites in facing Goliath appears clearly; none of them dares to accept the challenge or even engage in verbal confrontation with him because of their fear of his size and strength.
• David’s Entrance
The young shepherd David arrives to bring food to his brothers on the battlefield. He hears Goliath’s repeated challenges and insults against the people of God, which moves him to express his dissatisfaction with what is happening.
• David’s Determination
David decides to confront Goliath despite the hesitation of King Saul — the warrior king who had fought many battles and won — and despite the hesitation and fear of the Israelites before this giant. David accepts the challenge, declaring that the God who delivered him from the lion and the bear will deliver him from Goliath. This decision heightens the rising action and intensifies the suspenseful anticipation of the outcome.
• Preparation for the Confrontation
David refuses Saul’s heavy armor and takes only his sling and five smooth stones from the valley.
The Climax of the Plot
• The Confrontation
David approaches Goliath, and the latter mocks him because of his young age and the apparent fragility of the scene. Goliath — the champion feared by King Saul and the Israelites — now faces a boy inexperienced in combat, carrying neither sword nor armor but only a sling. It is a scene that invites ridicule and mockery of both the event and the person standing before him.
Goliath’s disbelief and scorn are met by David’s seriousness and sincerity in what he is doing, along with boundless confidence in God, who is capable of all things.
• The Decisive Attack
Goliath is struck in the forehead by a stone from David’s sling; he falls to the ground, and David triumphs over him and kills him.
• The Ending:
Victory for the Israelites and the complete defeat of the Philistines:
Goliath’s death leads the Philistine army to flee before the army of Israel, which does not cease pursuing and chasing them until victory is secured.
• The Celebration of David:
After what occurred, the story reaches its beautiful conclusion: the triumph of good over evil, the victory of the one who relies on God over the arrogant and tyrannical oppressor. This victory makes David a hero in the eyes of the Israelites and marks the beginning of his journey to kingship, as he becomes the future king of Israel.
The Symbolism of the Plot and Its Meaning
Symbolism in the Plot
The plot of this story carries many meanings and lessons, including:
• Courage and Faith:
The story highlights the power of faith in God and how an ordinary person can overcome the greatest challenges he faces through the strength of faith and courage.
• Humility and Inner Strength
David’s simple skill, accompanied by God’s power and his trust in Him, enables the young and humble David to win the battle against Goliath. This demonstrates that a person’s true strength lies not in size or weaponry, but in the heart and in faith.
• Leadership and Determination
David appears in the text as a true leader from the very beginning, as he makes a bold decision and proves that he is worthy of trust and leadership.
• Challenge and Response:
Facing challenges with a spirit filled with faith and courage can overturn the balance of power. The story delivers a powerful message about how faith and courage can overcome fear and weakness, and how an ordinary, simple person can achieve great things through trust in God first and in himself second.
The Theatrical Effects on the Text[4]
We can observe the theatrical influences on the text through several aspects clarified by the story, which add a clear dramatic dimension. These effects can be directly noticed in the text, and the writer employs them to strengthen the narrative and capture the attention of the reader or listener. Among these effects, supported by the biblical text, are:
1. Spatial and Temporal Setting
The valley between the two armies: “The Philistines were standing on a mountain on one side, and Israel was standing on a mountain on the other side, with the valley between them” (1 Sam. 17:3)[5].
Effect:
The precise determination of place creates a sense of central conflict and decisive confrontation.
2. Introduction of the Main Characters
“There came out a champion from the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath… whose height was six cubits and a span” (1 Sam. 17:4).
Effect:
The detailed description of Goliath adds an element of fear and awe, highlighting the vast difference between him and the young David.
3. The Dramatic Challenge
Goliath’s challenge to the Israelites: “He stood and cried out to the ranks of Israel and said to them, ‘Why have you come out to line up for battle? Am I not a Philistine, and are you not servants of Saul? Choose a man for yourselves, and let him come down to me’” (1 Sam. 17:8).
Effect:
The public verbal challenge creates dramatic tension and lays the foundation for the central conflict of the story.
4. The Fear and Tension of the Israelites
The fear of the soldiers and Saul: “When Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and greatly afraid” (1 Sam. 17:11).
Effect:
This text reflects the general atmosphere prevailing among King Saul and the Israelites — an atmosphere of fear and hesitation — contrasted with the boasting and self-confidence on the Philistine side, embodied in the seemingly invincible giant Goliath. It is a scene that intensifies both the internal and external conflict.
5. The Sudden Entrance of the Hero (David)
David’s arrival and his indignation at Goliath’s challenge: “David said to the men who stood by him, ‘What shall be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the reproach from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God?’” (1 Sam. 17:26).
Effect:
David is introduced in the text as an unexpected character — a strong figure who accepts the challenge because he believes in the power of the Lord of Hosts. This introduction shifts the balance and increases suspense.
6. The Direct Confrontation
The dialogue between David and Goliath: “Then David said to the Philistine, ‘You come to me with a sword and with a spear, but I come to you in the name of the Lord of Hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied’” (1 Sam. 17:45).
Effect:
The direct dialogue between David and Goliath sharpens the plot and heightens the viewer’s or reader’s anticipation to discover the outcome of the verbal challenges unfolding before him. On one side stands pride and reliance on physical strength; on the other, faith and unwavering confidence in God.
7. The Decisive Moment (The Battle)
David’s Attack and the Killing of Goliath
“David put his hand into his bag and took out a stone, slung it, and struck the Philistine in his forehead. The stone sank into his forehead, and he fell face down on the ground” (1 Sam. 17:49).
Effect:
This decisive moment in the text highlights the dramatic turning point and the unexpected victory, adding excitement and suspense to the scene.
8. The Ending and the Victory
The Defeat of the Philistines and the Joy of the Israelites
“When the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they fled. Then the men of Israel and Judah rose with a shout and pursued the Philistines” (1 Sam. 17:25).
Effect:
The complete victory of David over Goliath creates a sense of satisfaction and a happy ending.
These effects are manifested in the text through the precise description of the setting, the characters, the verbal challenges, and the internal and external conflict leading up to the decisive confrontation. All these elements work together to create a compelling drama that highlights courage, faith, and triumph over fear, injustice, and tyranny.
The Theatrical Effects on Dialogue in the Text[6]
1. The Heroic Dialogue
The dialogue between David and Goliath is marked by a heroic tone that reveals challenge and conflict. Goliath speaks with arrogance and mockery, whereas David speaks with calm confidence. This contrast between the two characters heightens the dramatic tension.
2. The Duologues
The text contains numerous duologues that enhance direct interaction between the characters, giving the text a distinctly theatrical character. An example is the dialogue between David and Saul:
Saul:
“Let no one’s heart fail because of him; your servant will go and fight this Philistine.”
David:
“Your servant used to keep his father’s sheep; and when a lion or a bear came and took a lamb from the flock, I went after it and struck it and rescued it from its mouth. And when it rose against me, I seized it by its beard and struck it and killed it. Your servant has killed both lion and bear; and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be like one of them, for he has defied the armies of the living God.”
Saul:
“Go, and the Lord be with you” (1 Sam. 17:32–37).
The Theatrical Effect on Dialogue
• Contrast Between the Two Characters
This dialogue reflects the great differences between David and Saul. David appears as a young man full of faith and courage, while Saul seems more cautious and doubtful of David’s abilities.
• Dramatic Tension
This dialogue builds tension and prepares the stage for the great confrontation between David and Goliath. Saul’s hesitation and doubt intensify the challenge that David accepts with confidence, increasing the audience’s expectations.
• Use of Narrative Recollection
David uses stories from his past to convince Saul of his abilities. These stories deepen David’s character and reveal his courage and faith.
• Prayer and Support
The dialogue between the two characters ends with Saul’s blessing for David. This blessing reflects Saul’s acceptance of reality and his trust in the Lord, adding a religious and spiritual dimension to the text[7].
The Duologue Between David and Goliath
Goliath:
“Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?”
David:
“You come to me with a sword, with a spear, and with a shield; but I come to you in the name of the Lord of Hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.”
Goliath:
“Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the air and to the beasts of the field.”
David:
“This day the Lord will deliver you into my hand; I will strike you down and cut off your head, and I will give the carcasses of the Philistine army this day to the birds of the air and the animals of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel” (1 Sam. 17:43–46)[8].
• Symbolism
David’s words contain strong religious symbolism, adding spiritual depth to the dialogue. His use of the name “Lord of Hosts” highlights his complete reliance on God, reinforcing the dramatic dimension of the story and of the dialogue[9].
• Kinetic Description[10]
The dialogue between the two characters is not merely verbal; it is accompanied by actions and descriptions of movements, adding a visual dimension to the scene and facilitating its adaptation into a theatrical or cinematic production.
David’s Movements
“He took his staff in his hand, chose for himself five smooth stones from the valley, put them in the shepherd’s pouch in his bag, and with his sling in his hand drew near to the Philistine” (1 Sam. 17:40).
Goliath’s Movements
“The Philistine came on and drew near to David, with the shield-bearer in front of him” (1 Sam. 17:41).
David’s Offensive Movement
“Then David ran toward the battle line to meet the Philistine. David put his hand into his bag, took out a stone, slung it, and struck the Philistine in his forehead” (1 Sam. 17:48–49).
1. Tension and Conflict
The use of dialogue to create tension and conflict is one of the most prominent theatrical features of the text. We observe a gradual escalation of tension through Goliath’s provocative speech, which provokes David’s response, leading ultimately to physical confrontation and combat.
For example, Goliath says to David: “Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the air and to the beasts of the field” (1 Sam. 17:44). This verse reflects the explicit threat and challenge directed by Goliath toward David, increasing the intensity of tension before the actual confrontation.
2. The Motivational Speech
David’s speech to Saul and the soldiers contains motivational elements, strengthening the spirit of struggle and faith in God. It gives the dialogue a distinctly theatrical character that inspires the observing audience.
• David to Saul: “Let no one’s heart fail because of him; your servant will go and fight this Philistine” (1 Sam. 17:32).
• David to the men standing with him: “What shall be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the reproach from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God?” (1 Sam. 17:26).
Although David’s speech is brief, it is focused, powerful, and persuasive, making him an inspiring leader for his soldiers, a charismatic figure, and an excellent model of motivational rhetoric.
3. The Representational Description
The text contains detailed descriptions of events and characters, helping to construct theatrical scenes and to infuse vitality into the narrative. The description of Goliath’s size and strength, contrasted with David’s youth, humility, and reliance on God, reinforces the dramatic power of the story.
The Characters[11]
David
David is a multi-dimensional character in the text, distinguished by several qualities that make him a remarkable hero in the Holy Bible generally and in this narrative particularly. Among these qualities are:
1. Family and Social Background
Origin:
David is the youngest son of Jesse. He was a shepherd from Bethlehem. His role as a shepherd reflects his ordinary status, humility, and simple life at the beginning of the story.
Family:
He has seven brothers and, at the beginning of the text, is viewed as the youngest and least important in his family. This adds to the appeal of his rise from an overlooked individual to a national hero.
2. Physical and Personal Qualities
• Beauty and Youth
David is described as handsome: “ruddy, with beautiful eyes and a handsome appearance” (1 Sam. 16:12). This physical description emphasizes his attractiveness while also hinting at his purity and goodness of nature.
• Courage
David’s courage appears in his confrontation with the lion and the bear while tending the sheep. He cites this before Saul to prove his physical capability in combat and his extraordinary bravery. He does not fear danger but faces challenges directly.
• Faith in God
David’s firm faith in God is one of his most prominent traits. He believes that God is with him at every step and relies completely on this faith in confronting Goliath. In his famous declaration, he says: “You come to me with a sword, with a spear, and with a shield; but I come to you in the name of the Lord of Hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied” (1 Sam. 17:45).
• Intelligence and Innovation
David chooses his sling and smooth stones, tools he controls skillfully, instead of using traditional weapons or heavy armor that he was not accustomed to. He had never gone down to the battlefield before fighting Goliath; he had defended his flock with his sling and stones. His use of these tools, which he mastered perfectly, in his fight against Goliath was a wise decision that demonstrates his ability to think outside the box and to use his personal strengths to achieve victory.
3. Leadership Qualities[12]
• The Inspiring Leader
Even before David becomes king, his leadership qualities are evident. His motivational speech to the soldiers and to Saul reflects the strength of his character and his ability to instill hope and courage in others. David says to Saul: “Let no one’s heart fail because of him; your servant will go and fight this Philistine” (1 Sam. 17:32).
He does not call Goliath by his personal name but refers to him by his national identity, diminishing him and stirring courage in the hearts of the people.
• Humble Yet Confident
Although David eventually becomes a great king, his humble beginnings remain part of his character. In the text, he does not seek personal glory; rather, he strives to fulfill God’s will and protect his people.
4. Symbolism
• Religious Symbolism
In the narrative, David represents spiritual strength and deep faith in God, in contrast to the physical power and arrogance represented by Goliath. This symbolism makes David a beloved character because he embodies spiritual victory over brute physical force.
• Moral Lessons
Through David’s character, people learn that courage and faith in God can accomplish miracles in a person’s life, even when the odds are against him. David understands that humility and inner strength are more powerful and more important than outward physical force.
The Character of Goliath[13]
Goliath’s character in the story is not merely that of a powerful military figure; rather, he is a complex embodiment of psychological, social, and cultural dimensions that intertwine to form a deeply expressive and influential character within the context of the story and its symbolic lessons.
1. The Psychological Dimension
• Excessive Self-Confidence
Goliath displays an extremely high level of self-confidence and pride in his physical strength. This confidence stems from his history as an experienced soldier who had faced no notable defeat. However, this excessive confidence may also arise from a deep sense of entitlement and superiority over others, leading to arrogance, tyranny, and self-glorification as an invincible figure — while remaining blind to his own weaknesses.
• Aggression and Mockery
Goliath’s haughty personality and contempt for others reflect aggressive behavior and ridicule directed toward the Israelites. This conduct may serve to reinforce his prestige and dominance on the battlefield by intimidating his opponents and weakening their morale before facing him in combat. The psychological strategy he employed, in addition to his enormous physical stature, instilled fear in Saul and the Israelite soldiers, and none dared to confront him on the battlefield.
2. The Social Dimension[14]
• A Symbol of Military Power
As a giant and heavily armed soldier, Goliath represents the military power of the Philistines. He is not merely a soldier; he symbolizes their military superiority and their capacity for domination and control. This grants him a high and distinguished social status among his people.
• Influence on the Soldiers
Goliath’s prestige, authority, and strength deeply affected the morale of the Israelite army, making him a source of terror for them. This psychological influence was part of the warfare strategies of that time, when morale played a decisive role in determining the outcomes of battles.
3. The Cultural Dimension
• Cultural Embodiment of Brute Strength
In ancient culture, giant heroes were often viewed as symbols of extraordinary power. Goliath clearly embodies this idea: he is a formidable warrior and an epic hero within Philistine culture, reinforcing the concept of physical superiority over enemies.
• A Challenge to Faith
From a cultural and religious perspective, Goliath represents a direct challenge to faith in God and to the spirit of courage embraced by the Israelites. This challenge makes Goliath not only a physical enemy but also a spiritual and cultural adversary.
4. The Dramatic and Symbolic Dimension[15]
• The Symbolism of Good Versus Evil
Within the narrative, Goliath represents the force of evil and injustice, while David represents the force of goodness and truth. David’s defeat of Goliath is not merely a military victory; it is simultaneously a triumph of spiritual values and moral virtues over brute force and arrogance.
• A Reminder Not to Underestimate Others
Goliath’s story carries a lesson about the danger of underestimating others based on their appearance or physical strength. Despite his immense bodily power, Goliath fails to recognize that true strength may come from faith and genuine courage that transcend outward appearances.
5. The Ending and Transformation
• From a Symbol of Strength to a Symbol of Weakness
Goliath’s death at the hands of David represents a dramatic transformation from being a symbol of power, superiority, and pride to becoming a symbol of humiliation and downfall. This ending illustrates how arrogance can lead to catastrophic collapse and emphasizes the importance of humility, acknowledging personal limits, and avoiding overestimation of one’s own power.
The Character of King Saul
The character of King Saul carries a rich dramatic dimension that enhances the complexity of the story and its lessons. His internal and external struggles, personal transformations, and symbolic significance make him a compelling and deeply analyzable figure within the narrative.
1. Background and Personal Traits
• The King Chosen by God
Saul is the first king of Israel, chosen by God through the prophet Samuel. This gives him a special status and an important role in Israel’s history as the anointed king.
• Physical Attributes
In the Bible, Saul is described as taller and more handsome than all the people. These physical characteristics add to his royal presence and increase the expectations placed upon him.
2. Saul’s Role in the Story[16]
• The Hesitant Leader
Throughout the story, Saul appears as a hesitant leader, unable to make a decisive decision. His reluctance to confront Goliath reflects doubts about his own abilities and perhaps a fear of death, loss of the kingdom, and the overwhelming might of Goliath.
• Dependence on Others
Saul relies heavily on David to confront Goliath, revealing weakness in his leadership and a lack of confidence in himself and in his army. This behavior undermines the army’s determination when they see fear on the face of their leader. His decision to allow the young, simple shepherd — unarmed and inexperienced in battle — to fight Goliath reflects his desperate need for any glimmer of hope.
3. Internal Conflict
• Identity Crisis
Saul experiences a profound identity crisis as a king chosen by God. He was expected to be a strong and inspiring leader, yet he feels fear before Goliath’s threats and before David’s success. This crisis reflects his inner struggle concerning his position and worth as king.
• Feeling Threatened by David
Saul feels threatened by David, who demonstrates unexpected courage and skill. This internal conflict later becomes more evident in other passages, where David eventually becomes Saul’s bitter enemy. These dramatic transformations in Saul’s character and emotions add layers of complexity and reveal the fragility of his psyche.
• Conflict with God
Saul feels that God has abandoned him and that David is the new chosen one. This belief causes him deep psychological crises and internal struggles.
4. Interaction with David
• Admiration and Jealousy
Saul displays a mixture of admiration and jealousy toward David. At first, he appreciates David’s courage and benefits from it; but over time, he grows jealous of David’s presence, popularity, and increasing public admiration.
• Attempts to Control and Eliminate David
In later texts following the account of the battle between David and Goliath, Saul repeatedly attempts to eliminate David because he feels that David threatens his position and his kingdom.
5. Symbolic Lessons
• Leadership and Humility
Saul’s character highlights the importance of humility and reliance on God in leadership. His hesitation and weakness demonstrate the negative consequences of pride and excessive reliance on personal power.
David’s Brothers[17]
Eliab
Eliab appears as a personality of strong presence and influence within his family, being the firstborn among his brothers. As the eldest, he is naturally expected to be first and best in everything. However, he also reflects the internal challenges and tensions within a family that may arise when divine favor rests upon an unexpected person.
The Divine Choice
When the prophet Samuel arrived at the house of Jesse to choose the king who would succeed Saul, Eliab was the first whom Samuel saw. He was tall and handsome. Yet God told Samuel not to look at his appearance or at the height of his stature, because God does not look at outward appearance but at the heart:
“When they came, he looked at Eliab and thought, ‘Surely the Lord’s anointed stands here before the Lord.’ But the Lord said to Samuel, ‘Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The Lord does not look at the things people look at. People look at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.’” (1 Sam 16:6–7)[18]
Jealousy Toward David
When David came to the battlefield to visit his brothers and bring them food, Eliab sharply rebuked him and accused him of pride, claiming that he had left the few sheep in the wilderness merely to watch the battle:
“When Eliab, David’s oldest brother, heard him speaking with the men, he burned with anger at him and asked, ‘Why have you come down here? And with whom did you leave those few sheep in the wilderness? I know how conceited you are and how wicked your heart is; you came down only to watch the battle.’” (1 Sam 17:28).
Abinadab
The Bible does not mention much about him except that he was the second among the brothers. However, some points can be inferred from the general biblical context.
His Presence in the Story
“Then Jesse called Abinadab and had him pass in front of Samuel. But Samuel said, ‘The Lord has not chosen this one either.’” (1 Sam 16:8).
This shows that Abinadab was present when the prophet Samuel came to Jesse’s house to anoint a new king from among his sons, but he was not chosen.
Personality and Role
Like his other brothers, Abinadab was considered worthy of respect and held a position within the family. Yet he was not chosen by the prophet Samuel for kingship, because the Lord, through His prophet, was seeking specific qualities that were not found in Abinadab but were found in David, the youngest brother. The Lord’s unexpected choice of David created a complex dynamic among the brothers within the same household.
Jealousy and Envy
Although the text does not explicitly mention Abinadab’s feelings toward David, it may be inferred from the broader context that some of the brothers felt jealousy, especially after David, the youngest among them, was chosen to be king and later achieved victory over the giant Goliath. Since the biblical texts do not describe the precise nature of the relationship between the two brothers, interpretation remains open.
Shammah[19]
His Presence in the Story
“Jesse then had Shammah pass by, but Samuel said, ‘Nor has the Lord chosen this one.’” (1 Sam 16:9)
The text shows that Shammah was present with his brothers when the prophet Samuel came to choose one of them for kingship, yet the lot did not fall upon him or upon any of his brothers.
Mention in the Battle
“Now the three oldest sons of Jesse had followed Saul to the war: the firstborn was Eliab; the second, Abinadab; and the third, Shammah.” (1 Sam 17:13)
Shammah is mentioned as one of the three eldest brothers who went to battle with Saul against the Philistines.
Conclusion
Shammah represents a member of the family who witnessed the anointing of his younger brother as king. The biblical texts do not describe his reaction, but they highlight his presence in major events such as David’s anointing and his battle with Goliath. The complex family relationships and the tensions that arose after David’s divine selection make the story of Shammah and David a rich subject for literary and theological interpretation.
Nethanel
Nethanel is not mentioned by name in the story of David’s anointing, yet his inclusion among the sons of Jesse implies that he was one of the brothers who were passed over by the prophet Samuel by the command of the Lord of Hosts. The text in Chronicles states:
“Jesse was the father of Eliab his firstborn; the second Abinadab; the third Shammah; the fourth Nethanel; the fifth Raddai; the sixth Ozem; and David the seventh.” (1 Chr 2:13–15)
Raddai
The Bible mentions that Raddai was the fifth son of Jesse. There is little additional information about him or his personality. He was one of the six brothers who were not chosen for kingship, for by the Lord’s command the youngest among them, David, was selected.
Ozem
The Bible mentions Ozem as one of David’s older brothers, the sixth among them. Ozem was part of the family dynamic that witnessed David’s selection as king. There may have been mixed feelings—pride on one hand and jealousy on the other—toward David. However, the biblical references do not clearly specify Ozem’s position regarding his brother after David’s anointing as king.
Nevertheless, it may be assumed that, like the rest of the brothers, there could have been human jealousy—a jealousy that has existed since the time of Cain until our present day. The Bible is full of such examples:
- The story of Joseph and his brothers (Genesis 37),
- The story of Esau and Jacob (Genesis 25) and the conflict over the birthright,
- The story of Miriam and Aaron speaking against Moses because of his Cushite wife and out of jealousy for his unique standing before God—after which the Lord struck Miriam with leprosy.
All these stories carry deep meanings and lessons for humanity. They show that jealousy toward the one chosen by God can have grave consequences, as seen in most of the texts mentioned. They emphasize the importance of humility, focusing on the gifts God has granted us without comparing them to the gifts of others, respecting God’s choices, and accepting how He distributes His talents among His children.
Conclusion
What has been said about David and his brothers, and about the tense family relationship that may have resulted from David’s selection, remains open to research and reflection. The biblical texts do not provide clear evidence concerning the nature of their relationship with their younger brother David.
The natural factor of jealousy that I have discussed, although not directly supported by explicit biblical references, belongs to the very essence of human nature. A person often sees himself as the best in everything, and the selection of someone else—especially someone younger—for a position of prominence may generate feelings of resentment and envy.
For example, in the military, when a commander is appointed, colonels or senior officers who preceded him in rank sometimes submit their resignation. In many cases, they refuse to salute someone who joined the military after them, even if he has been officially appointed as commander. Only a few accept such appointments, even when they may seem unjust, and submit to someone who previously held a lower military rank. Hence the saying: “Compelled obedience to your brother does not make you a hero.”
Returning to our subject, as previously mentioned, there is no definitive reference confirming the nature of the brothers’ relationship with David. Thus, the element of jealousy remains an interpretative inference. However, jealousy is clearly evidenced in the case of Eliab, the eldest brother. His harsh criticism of David—who had come to the battlefield sent by his father Jesse to visit his brothers—reveals this tension. Eliab confronted him with severity and accused him of pride, saying:
“I know your pride and the evil of your heart; you came down only to watch the battle.” (1 Sam 17:28)
Final Reflection
In conclusion, the biblical stories discussed in this study, along with many others, contain prominent dramatic elements, as we have seen. They transcend being merely religious narratives and become purposeful dramatic accounts that deeply touch humanity across different eras.
The play “David and Goliath” was performed in several locations internationally. One of the most famous productions was staged at the Sight & Sound Theatre in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 2022. The performance ran from March through December of that same year. The production was distinguished by large-scale special effects, music inspired by the Psalms, and a panoramic stage extending approximately 300 meters[20].
David and Goliath, the Musical
- Writers: The writing team of Sight & Sound Theater.
- Cast: A live ensemble of various actors; such productions are typically collective in nature.
- Director: Directed by a team of theatrical directors at Sight & Sound Theatres.
- Venue: Performed at Sight & Sound Theatres in Lancaster, Pennsylvania (2022).
The story of David and Goliath has not been limited to the stage; it has also extended to international cinema. Among the films released worldwide are:
- “David and Goliath” (1960) – An Italian historical epic directed by Ferdinando Baldi and Richard Pottier.
- “King David” (1985) – A historical epic starring Richard Gere, focusing on David’s life from his battle with Goliath to his reign as king. The film was directed by Bruce Beresford.
- “David and Goliath” (2015) – Directed by Timothy A. Chey.
- Miles Sloman as David
- Jerry Sokolosky as Goliath. The film follows the story of young David confronting the giant warrior Goliath. It was filmed in North Africa and London.
- “David and Bathsheba” (1951) – Although the film primarily focuses on David and Bathsheba, it includes part of his earlier story.
- Gregory Peck as King David
- Susan Hayward as Bathsheba
- Directed by Henry King.
Conclusion
After journeying through the sacred texts of the Old Testament and uncovering within them rich dramatic elements—manifest in the stories of Joseph and his brothers, and of David and Goliath—we stand in reverence before the grandeur of this heritage. Though it was not originally composed as intentional theatrical art, it nonetheless carries within it the structure of drama and its essential foundations.
The dramatic character in the Old Testament emerges bearing its contradictions and its internal and external conflicts, wandering between obedience and rebellion, between human weakness and the divine call. We have seen Joseph torn between the cruelty of his brothers and the grace of the Lord, passing from the darkness of the pit to the splendor of the palace, in a scene where events unfold and tensions escalate, reaching climax and complication before resolution arrives with the triumph of goodness and mercy over envy and evil.
Likewise, David before Goliath is a scene in which Scripture condenses the symbolism of the eternal struggle between weakness and strength, between faith and fear, between arrogant humanity and divine power that ultimately prevails.
These texts, though not presented upon a theatrical stage at the time, nevertheless fulfilled the pillars of an inner theater: a well-crafted plot, a central conflict, and characters who bear profound messages. Their audience is not only humanity; the angels watch, heaven records, and history bears witness.
The Old Testament was a vast stage whose protagonists were God and humanity—an unceasing dialogue between revelation and sin, between the call and the response, between mercy and judgment. At the close of this chapter of sacred history, we may affirm that the Holy Scripture, in its depth, is a divine drama: its stage is the world, and its characters are human beings who move between pain and hope, awaiting the final word—spoken only in the fullness of time.
LIST OF REFERENCES
- David and Goliath: A Dramatic Analysis – Jean Louis Ska, Éditions du Cerf, 2003 This book examines the dramatic and theatrical elements in the story of David and Goliath within its historical and literary context.
- The Art of Biblical Narrative – Jean Louis Ska, Éditions du Cerf, 1990 This work offers a literary analysis of narrative techniques in the Bible, focusing on plot development in biblical stories, including David and Goliath. The author explains how conflict is developed and how the unexpected victory is achieved.
- The Bible – Book of Samuel
- The Poetics of Biblical Narrative: Ideological Literature and the Dramas of Reading – Meir Sternberg, Indiana University Press, 1987 Sternberg discusses the theatrical influences in biblical texts, including the story of David and Goliath. The book emphasizes the analysis of dramatic tension and how conflict is constructed to reflect traditional theatrical effects.
- The Bible – Book of Samuel
- Biblical Dialogues and Their Dramatic Dimension: A Study on David and Goliath – Paul Beauchamp, Éditions du Cerf, 1997 The author provides a comprehensive analysis of dialogues in biblical texts, focusing on David and Goliath. He studies how dialogue is used as a tool to build dramatic conflict and portray characters in a theatrical style.
- Commentary on the Whole Bible – Matthew Henry, 1708
- The Bible – Book of Samuel
- Commentaries on the First Book of Samuel – John Calvin
- Bible Study Tools – A website providing full texts of commentaries by Matthew Henry and John Gill.
- David: A Character Study in Biblical Narrative – Joel Baden, Oxford University Press, 2013 The author offers a comprehensive analysis of David’s character in biblical texts, including his encounter with Goliath. The focus is on character development and how David is presented as a hero embodying courage, faith, and tactical skill.
- David, the King and the Shepherd – André Wénin, Éditions du Cerf, 2001 This book explores David’s personal journey through a literary and psychological approach, tracing his development from a simple shepherd to a hero and future king. It highlights his leadership qualities in facing Goliath and how this experience shapes the rest of his life.
- Goliath: Hero or Villain? A Literary Analysis of the Biblical Giant – Richard S. Hess, Baker Academic, 2008 The author analyzes Goliath’s biblical character, focusing on his role as David’s antagonist. The book examines how Goliath is constructed not only as a figure of physical strength but also as a symbolic representation of hostile forces against Israel.
- Literary Structure and Theology in the David–Goliath Story – David Gunn
- The Psychological Insight of Biblical Narrative: Exploration in the Inner Lives of Biblical Characters – Laurence S. Callaham, Pickwick Publications, 2019 This book applies psychological analysis to biblical characters, focusing on how inner lives and psychological dimensions are presented in the texts. Callaham studies various figures, including David and Goliath, exploring internal tensions and psychological conflicts. The aim is to provide a deeper understanding of the psychological aspects revealed in biblical stories.
- Saul, the First King of Israel and His Tragic Destiny – Jean Marc Rouvière, Éditions du Cerf, 2004 Rouvière presents Saul’s character in a literary and psychological framework, analyzing how emotions such as jealousy and fear of David influence his behavior in the Goliath narrative. The book examines Saul’s downfall after failing to cope with leadership challenges and rivalry.
- Sibling Rivalry in the Bible: The Case of David and His Brothers – Frederick E. Greenspahn, Oxford University Press, 1997 Greenspahn explores family dynamics between David and his brothers, focusing on rivalry and tension in the narrative. The book studies how these tensions emerge in dialogue, especially when David arrives at the battlefield before confronting Goliath.
- The Bible – First Book of Samuel
- La rivalité entre frères dans la Bible: le cas de David et ses frères – André Wénin, Éditions du Cerf, 2003 Wénin analyzes the rivalry between David and his brothers in the biblical text, showing how family conflict is portrayed as an obstacle to David’s heroic achievement.
- Sight and Sound Theater – Lancaster, Pennsylvania Reports and announcements on the premiere of the play David in Christian Post, CCM Magazine, and the Lancaster P.A. Events Calendar, covering performances and events related to the theatrical production.